SUMMARY
“The Lottery” is annual ceremony. All townspeople gather and wait for the ceremony to begin. Children play and pick up stones, men talk about rain, tractors and taxes, same joke and as last the women, wearing faded house dresses and sweater come after their menfolk. Tessie Hutchinson is late because of household chores. She talks with her friend, Mrs.Delacroix about reason of her late arrival. Because everybody is there, the ceremony starts and Mr.Summers reads off an alphabetical list of names. Who draws the paper with the black mark on it, he or she win “the lottery” and people stone him or her.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is narrated by third person narration. The narrator does not participate in the story.
SETTING
The place is square of town, between the post office and the bank. The time is the morning of June 27th and around ten o’clock.
IRONY
1. The title is irony. When readers read it, they assume that good things will be lived because lottery brings to mind the conventional ideas such as winner, luck, money, enjoyment and these are positive things. But the lottery symbolizes “death” instead of positive things.
2. Although Mr.Summers also impresses positive things on people because of meaning of his name, he gives death to winner. This is irony.
THEME
One of themes is death. After reading, it is understood that scapegoats are chosen randomly and are not fair. Another is social division. People who attend this ceremony are in power and they also have economic power. For example Mr.Summers is the coal business and he conducts not only lottery, square dances, the teenage club, the Halloween program, as well. He has time and energy to devote civic activities. These indicate that he has leisure and money. Mr.Graves is the postmaster and it is understood that he is high position in the town. Other theme is weakness of women. For example women come square after their menfolk and they wear faded house dresses and sweater. It shows that they work inside of house and reason of Tessie’s late arrival is enough to be exemplified it. The last theme is hypocrisy. At the beginning Mrs.Delacroix is joking with Mrs.Huthincson about her late arrival. After Tessie is selected to be stoned, Mrs.Delacroix forgets their friendship and selects a stone so large she has to pick it up with both hands and says the other man “Hurry up”. This suggests that people are not always as they seem and evil exists in everyone.
Mrs.Tessie wants her married daughters to take part in the drawing with them so that her own chance of survival improves. This is a perfect example to show hypocrisy and devilry exists in every human being. Instead of trying to protect her children, she risks her own children’s safety.
ANALYSIS
The Lottery is very important for townspeople because it is ritual for them. According to townspeople, the lottery causes them to work hard. This sentence shows their thought: “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.” The black box put papers has significant meaning for them. Although it was old and rust, townspeople don’t want to change it.
Names of Mr.Summers and Mr.Graves have symbolic meaning. Mr.Summers is in charge of black box and conducts the ceremony. His name symbolizes life, wealthy, welfare, but in reality gives that to winner instead of live.
Mr.Graves is also in charge of black box. “It had spent one year in Mr.Graves’ barn.” His name symbolizes gloomy things such as death and his name also refers to theme of the story.
21 Ocak 2008 Pazartesi
THE YELLOW WALLPAPER BY CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN
Charlotte Perkins Gilman had developed an emotional disorder and she was depressed. Physician says that she is because of “rest cure” and this unsuccessful prescription prompted her to write “The Yellow Wallpaper”
SUMMARY
The narrator and her husband rent a mansion for the summer where she will be healthy. However, she finds odd things about the house on her first day and John doesn’t accept her that thought. John doesn’t understand how she suffers and doesn’t accept her request to repaper the room. Then the narrator begins to write secretly. She wants to write because she feels well herself. But except for her everybody thinks that writing has made her sick. Later the narrator notices there is woman in the wallpaper during the night and she goes when the sun rises. Because of the wallpaper writer finds life more exciting and her health improves but she can not tell John it. She sleeps in the daytime and watches the wallpaper at night. She believes that there is creeping woman in the wallpaper. One day, the narrator locks the door and throws key down and her aim is to astonish John. When he comes he tries to open door and she tells him where the key is. He asks her why she creeps around. She tells “I’ve got out at last in spite of you and Jane and I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!” John faints, but Jane goes on creeping.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is first person narration because “I” is used.
SETTING
The place is a mansion and the time is summer.
CHARACTER LIST
The narrator is married to John and manipulated by him. Because she is ill, he doesn’t allow her what she wants but only rest. He especially forbids her from writing. She starts to live in her room whose walls cover with the yellow wallpaper. At first the yellow wallpaper irritates her, but later she sees the figure of a woman. She identifies herself with the woman and that woman tries to escape from prison of the wallpaper by moonlight.
John is a physician and the narrator’s husband. Although her husband, he treats her like an infant. John forbids her from working especially creative working such as writing. He has a classic idea about men and women for example men work outside of the house and women work inside of the house. His idea associates him with the sunlight.
ANALYSIS OF THE STORY
Moonlight and sunshine: There is a parallelism between moonlight and woman in the wallpaper. Moonlight is the time when women are free from oppressive of men’s sunshine. I want to stress “men’s sunshine” because according to John men work outside of house and women work inside of house during the day and there is no another choice for women. At the same time the woman in the wallpaper symbolizes that woman tends to work at house and there is not a choice to get an intellectual job in the outside world. That’s why the yellow wallpaper is yellow and this shows that colour of wallpaper is related to oppression of masculine because sunlight is associated with men’s order.
Feminine: The woman in the wallpaper represents feminine imprisonment. During the sunlight women doesn’t appear but moonlight. Sunlight represents men’s oppression and darkness represents liberation of feminine.
Creep: According to the narrator woman in the wallpaper creeps and end of the story she also creeps. Creeping is the beginning of walking and creeping symbolizes movement of feminism. Briefly feminism needs to “creep” silently before it could stand tall.
Tearing wallpaper: The narrator believes that she can come out of the wallpaper like the other woman and this is symbolic meaning: She and the woman liberate themselves from masculine oppression by tearing wallpaper and they become free.
IRONY
John tells her to exercise self-control, but he controls nearly everything about her for example he gives her a schedule for each hour in the day.
SUMMARY
The narrator and her husband rent a mansion for the summer where she will be healthy. However, she finds odd things about the house on her first day and John doesn’t accept her that thought. John doesn’t understand how she suffers and doesn’t accept her request to repaper the room. Then the narrator begins to write secretly. She wants to write because she feels well herself. But except for her everybody thinks that writing has made her sick. Later the narrator notices there is woman in the wallpaper during the night and she goes when the sun rises. Because of the wallpaper writer finds life more exciting and her health improves but she can not tell John it. She sleeps in the daytime and watches the wallpaper at night. She believes that there is creeping woman in the wallpaper. One day, the narrator locks the door and throws key down and her aim is to astonish John. When he comes he tries to open door and she tells him where the key is. He asks her why she creeps around. She tells “I’ve got out at last in spite of you and Jane and I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!” John faints, but Jane goes on creeping.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is first person narration because “I” is used.
SETTING
The place is a mansion and the time is summer.
CHARACTER LIST
The narrator is married to John and manipulated by him. Because she is ill, he doesn’t allow her what she wants but only rest. He especially forbids her from writing. She starts to live in her room whose walls cover with the yellow wallpaper. At first the yellow wallpaper irritates her, but later she sees the figure of a woman. She identifies herself with the woman and that woman tries to escape from prison of the wallpaper by moonlight.
John is a physician and the narrator’s husband. Although her husband, he treats her like an infant. John forbids her from working especially creative working such as writing. He has a classic idea about men and women for example men work outside of the house and women work inside of the house. His idea associates him with the sunlight.
ANALYSIS OF THE STORY
Moonlight and sunshine: There is a parallelism between moonlight and woman in the wallpaper. Moonlight is the time when women are free from oppressive of men’s sunshine. I want to stress “men’s sunshine” because according to John men work outside of house and women work inside of house during the day and there is no another choice for women. At the same time the woman in the wallpaper symbolizes that woman tends to work at house and there is not a choice to get an intellectual job in the outside world. That’s why the yellow wallpaper is yellow and this shows that colour of wallpaper is related to oppression of masculine because sunlight is associated with men’s order.
Feminine: The woman in the wallpaper represents feminine imprisonment. During the sunlight women doesn’t appear but moonlight. Sunlight represents men’s oppression and darkness represents liberation of feminine.
Creep: According to the narrator woman in the wallpaper creeps and end of the story she also creeps. Creeping is the beginning of walking and creeping symbolizes movement of feminism. Briefly feminism needs to “creep” silently before it could stand tall.
Tearing wallpaper: The narrator believes that she can come out of the wallpaper like the other woman and this is symbolic meaning: She and the woman liberate themselves from masculine oppression by tearing wallpaper and they become free.
IRONY
John tells her to exercise self-control, but he controls nearly everything about her for example he gives her a schedule for each hour in the day.
THE STORM BY KATE CHOPIN
SUMMARY
Bobinet and Bibi are not at home and when they attempt to go home they notice storm clouds. Meanwhile Calixta is at home, she is sawing and she isn’t aware of air. When it begins to grow dark she realizes the situation and goes to close windows and doors. At that time she sees Alcee and she hasn’t seen him very often. Although he wants to stay on her gallery till the storm is over, she invites him to their house. She has an affair with him when the storm gets strong. After storm Alcee leaves there and everything goes smoothly.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is third person narration because “she and he says or said” is used. At the same time it is total omniscience because we know what Calixta and Alcee think.
SETTING
The place is house of Calixta and the time is a terrible rain storm.
IRONY
Although Alcee deceives her wife during the day, he writes to his wife a loving letter at same night and this is irony.
ANALYSIS
1) There are relationship between title “The Storm” and events. At the same time the storm reflects their mood. Before the storm begins, Calixta is quiet and calm, but as the storm begins, the story reaches its climax. She has an affair with him when the storm gets strong. After the storm, everything goes smoothly.
2) This short story is really important if we assume that Kate Chopin riots against her time because in her time it was very difficult that woman had an affair with somebody. There was a classic idea in her time: woman had to do certain things to please her husband not anybody.
3) When this short story is read people should think “feminism”. In Kate Chopin’s time, women have chores like housework, washing, cleaning and sexual desire was considered to be something only experienced by men. Kate Chopin tries to break this taboo.
4) When life of Kate Chopin is taken into consideration, we can easily understand what she wrote it. After losing her father, three strong, independent women brought up her and they had a great influence on her life. She learned to be independent from them and she did not have a male figure when she was a child. That is why she did not think like common women who have chores.
Bobinet and Bibi are not at home and when they attempt to go home they notice storm clouds. Meanwhile Calixta is at home, she is sawing and she isn’t aware of air. When it begins to grow dark she realizes the situation and goes to close windows and doors. At that time she sees Alcee and she hasn’t seen him very often. Although he wants to stay on her gallery till the storm is over, she invites him to their house. She has an affair with him when the storm gets strong. After storm Alcee leaves there and everything goes smoothly.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is third person narration because “she and he says or said” is used. At the same time it is total omniscience because we know what Calixta and Alcee think.
SETTING
The place is house of Calixta and the time is a terrible rain storm.
IRONY
Although Alcee deceives her wife during the day, he writes to his wife a loving letter at same night and this is irony.
ANALYSIS
1) There are relationship between title “The Storm” and events. At the same time the storm reflects their mood. Before the storm begins, Calixta is quiet and calm, but as the storm begins, the story reaches its climax. She has an affair with him when the storm gets strong. After the storm, everything goes smoothly.
2) This short story is really important if we assume that Kate Chopin riots against her time because in her time it was very difficult that woman had an affair with somebody. There was a classic idea in her time: woman had to do certain things to please her husband not anybody.
3) When this short story is read people should think “feminism”. In Kate Chopin’s time, women have chores like housework, washing, cleaning and sexual desire was considered to be something only experienced by men. Kate Chopin tries to break this taboo.
4) When life of Kate Chopin is taken into consideration, we can easily understand what she wrote it. After losing her father, three strong, independent women brought up her and they had a great influence on her life. She learned to be independent from them and she did not have a male figure when she was a child. That is why she did not think like common women who have chores.
THE NECKLACE BY GUY DE MAUPASSANT
SUMMARY
Mathilde and her husband are poor and she isn’t satisfied with her life. She wants to live like rich people. One evening, he comes home with an invitation to the ball, but she doesn’t want to go there because rich people go there and she has no beautiful dress and jewels. When she decides to go he buys her an elegant dress and she borrows necklace of diamond from her friend. When she is in ball she enjoys very much. After coming back, she notices that necklace is not around her neck. Because she and her husband don’t find it, they decide to buy a necklace. Although it is very expensive, they buy and give it to her friend. Her friend never notices that they have replaced her necklace. They work ten years to pay off. One Sunday Mathilde runs into her friend and tells her truth. Mathilde learns that her necklace is a fake.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is third person narration because the narrator doesn’t participate in the story and “she and he said” is used.
CHARACTER
Mathilde is not content with her life because she isn’t rich. She thinks that prizes are enough to value an object. But later she understands that meaning of being rich is not to live comfortably. She doesn’t see her innate beauty and according to her a wife of a lower-middle class clerk is disrespectful.
IRONIES
1) Because she thinks that the necklace is diamond, she cannot say “I lost it.” Because of her honour she and her husband suffer during ten years. At the end of ten years, her friend, owner of the necklace, says: “It is not diamond, only paste.” In other words, although she isn’t ashamed of her fake necklace, Mathilde is ashamed of saying “I lost it.”
2) Mathilde is ashamed of going to ball with natural flowers, but her situation is worse than her expectation. She goes there with fake necklace.
ANALYSIS
Aim of the writer is to show us how life is strange, changeful and little things can make our good live turn into despair live.
The writer is eager to tell us “Lie is mother of unpleasant situation.” If she hadn’t lied, she and her husband wouldn’t have lived like this.
Mathilde and her husband are poor and she isn’t satisfied with her life. She wants to live like rich people. One evening, he comes home with an invitation to the ball, but she doesn’t want to go there because rich people go there and she has no beautiful dress and jewels. When she decides to go he buys her an elegant dress and she borrows necklace of diamond from her friend. When she is in ball she enjoys very much. After coming back, she notices that necklace is not around her neck. Because she and her husband don’t find it, they decide to buy a necklace. Although it is very expensive, they buy and give it to her friend. Her friend never notices that they have replaced her necklace. They work ten years to pay off. One Sunday Mathilde runs into her friend and tells her truth. Mathilde learns that her necklace is a fake.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is third person narration because the narrator doesn’t participate in the story and “she and he said” is used.
CHARACTER
Mathilde is not content with her life because she isn’t rich. She thinks that prizes are enough to value an object. But later she understands that meaning of being rich is not to live comfortably. She doesn’t see her innate beauty and according to her a wife of a lower-middle class clerk is disrespectful.
IRONIES
1) Because she thinks that the necklace is diamond, she cannot say “I lost it.” Because of her honour she and her husband suffer during ten years. At the end of ten years, her friend, owner of the necklace, says: “It is not diamond, only paste.” In other words, although she isn’t ashamed of her fake necklace, Mathilde is ashamed of saying “I lost it.”
2) Mathilde is ashamed of going to ball with natural flowers, but her situation is worse than her expectation. She goes there with fake necklace.
ANALYSIS
Aim of the writer is to show us how life is strange, changeful and little things can make our good live turn into despair live.
The writer is eager to tell us “Lie is mother of unpleasant situation.” If she hadn’t lied, she and her husband wouldn’t have lived like this.
THE JILTING OF GRANNY WEATHERALL
SUMMARY
Granny Weatherall lies in her bed and Doctor Harry examines her, but she doesn’t want to be examined. She thinks him for too young to be a real doctor, she believes that she is not sick. There are two man and her children for her during her lifetime. She remembers her first love, George who jilts her just before the wedding. During the story she remembers him because she thinks that he betrayed her. She wants him to know she is happy:”I want to find George. Find him and be sure telling him I forgot him. I want him to know I had my husband just the same and my children and my house like any other woman.” Later she marries John Whoom she has many children. One of them called Hapsy passes away and she reminisces him throughout the story.
While she is in her bad, she thinks death. Although she prepares herself for death, she doesn’t want to ponder death. Twenty years ago, she had assumed she was going to die but she wasn’t. She calls her children and looks back on their old days her old days were hand but enjoyable. She cooked, cleaned and sewed for them. While she is thinking these, she forgets everything and begins to hallucinate. She assumes as it all her old days are today. Her mind makes old memories seem as if it is today. Then she turns today and talks with Cornelia and doctor. Granny wants to see Hapsy and in her mind she finds her. When she is about to kiss her, Cornelia calls her. But Granny continues her mind travel, and this time, she thinks George. Suddenly she feels herself very tired and she suffers. She thinks hat death has come.
The priest arrives and Granny feels herself good. She knows that God will help her. She has felt this feeling since George jilted her. She talks with her children but they don’t understand her. Granny realizes that she is in extremis but she surprises because there are many things to do for her. Cornelia begins to sob. Granny tells her: “I am not going, Cornelia. I am taken by surprise. I can’t go.”
Granny wants God to give her a sign but God doesn’t. There is not bridegroom again. She has angst and she forget her other sorrows. She says:”Oh, no, there’s nothing crueller than this. I’ll never forgive it. She breaths deep and blows out the light.
POINT OF VIEW
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall is told by a third person narration. It is understood from that “She and he said” but using of stream of consciousness technique, we learn her all feelings and thoughts as if she talked to us. This point of view draws readers into the mind of Weatherall.
The author uses “stream of consciousness and by means of this technique we can understood thoughts, memories and associating of Granny’s mind. Moreover it helps us to see Granny’s confused and clear thoughts, disappointments, and feelings. By using the stream of consciousness technique, the author portrays Granny’s relationships with George, John, Hapsy, Cornelia and her other children and the author.
THE SETTING
The place is the bedroom where Granny Weatherall is dying. Time is the last day in the eighty-years-old woman’s life.
CHARACTERS
Granny: She is old and sick woman. She lives both today and past. Because she is jilted by her fiancé, she suspicious of everything and other people. According to her, she is jilted even God. She marries another man and he dies. She has many children and one of whom passes away. All these difficult experiences forced her to be strong. She prepares herself to die before but when it really comes, she is in surprise. At the end she dies.
IRONIES
1. When doctor examines Granny, she is angry with him because she thinks she is healthy. Although she lies on her death bed she says “I am not sick.” This is irony.
2. Although she died when she was eighty years old, she had prepares herself for death when she was sixty. But she was in surprise as she knew she would die. This is dramatic irony.
3. Through the story, Granny keeps her religious beliefs although she has to cope with many difficult problems. At the end of the story, while she is about to die is in a moment of doubt and say “God, give a sign!”
THEME
There are two themes one of which is self-pity and the other is the acceptance of death. Granny is abandoned by George on her wedding day and she suffers a lot because of this. She can not forget this painful experience. She is even jilted by God. When she was about the die, said “God, give a sign!” But God does not give a sign and she is jilted twice. As a result she becomes a woman who is suspicious of everyone. For example when Cornelia and doctor were whispering together, Granny said Cornelia: “Go away and don’t whisper” These show her self-pity.
After this story is read, is should be understood that death is unpredictable thing, in other words it is not important weather you are ready to die or not. By means of this story, people perceive death and mortality.
Granny Weatherall lies in her bed and Doctor Harry examines her, but she doesn’t want to be examined. She thinks him for too young to be a real doctor, she believes that she is not sick. There are two man and her children for her during her lifetime. She remembers her first love, George who jilts her just before the wedding. During the story she remembers him because she thinks that he betrayed her. She wants him to know she is happy:”I want to find George. Find him and be sure telling him I forgot him. I want him to know I had my husband just the same and my children and my house like any other woman.” Later she marries John Whoom she has many children. One of them called Hapsy passes away and she reminisces him throughout the story.
While she is in her bad, she thinks death. Although she prepares herself for death, she doesn’t want to ponder death. Twenty years ago, she had assumed she was going to die but she wasn’t. She calls her children and looks back on their old days her old days were hand but enjoyable. She cooked, cleaned and sewed for them. While she is thinking these, she forgets everything and begins to hallucinate. She assumes as it all her old days are today. Her mind makes old memories seem as if it is today. Then she turns today and talks with Cornelia and doctor. Granny wants to see Hapsy and in her mind she finds her. When she is about to kiss her, Cornelia calls her. But Granny continues her mind travel, and this time, she thinks George. Suddenly she feels herself very tired and she suffers. She thinks hat death has come.
The priest arrives and Granny feels herself good. She knows that God will help her. She has felt this feeling since George jilted her. She talks with her children but they don’t understand her. Granny realizes that she is in extremis but she surprises because there are many things to do for her. Cornelia begins to sob. Granny tells her: “I am not going, Cornelia. I am taken by surprise. I can’t go.”
Granny wants God to give her a sign but God doesn’t. There is not bridegroom again. She has angst and she forget her other sorrows. She says:”Oh, no, there’s nothing crueller than this. I’ll never forgive it. She breaths deep and blows out the light.
POINT OF VIEW
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall is told by a third person narration. It is understood from that “She and he said” but using of stream of consciousness technique, we learn her all feelings and thoughts as if she talked to us. This point of view draws readers into the mind of Weatherall.
The author uses “stream of consciousness and by means of this technique we can understood thoughts, memories and associating of Granny’s mind. Moreover it helps us to see Granny’s confused and clear thoughts, disappointments, and feelings. By using the stream of consciousness technique, the author portrays Granny’s relationships with George, John, Hapsy, Cornelia and her other children and the author.
THE SETTING
The place is the bedroom where Granny Weatherall is dying. Time is the last day in the eighty-years-old woman’s life.
CHARACTERS
Granny: She is old and sick woman. She lives both today and past. Because she is jilted by her fiancé, she suspicious of everything and other people. According to her, she is jilted even God. She marries another man and he dies. She has many children and one of whom passes away. All these difficult experiences forced her to be strong. She prepares herself to die before but when it really comes, she is in surprise. At the end she dies.
IRONIES
1. When doctor examines Granny, she is angry with him because she thinks she is healthy. Although she lies on her death bed she says “I am not sick.” This is irony.
2. Although she died when she was eighty years old, she had prepares herself for death when she was sixty. But she was in surprise as she knew she would die. This is dramatic irony.
3. Through the story, Granny keeps her religious beliefs although she has to cope with many difficult problems. At the end of the story, while she is about to die is in a moment of doubt and say “God, give a sign!”
THEME
There are two themes one of which is self-pity and the other is the acceptance of death. Granny is abandoned by George on her wedding day and she suffers a lot because of this. She can not forget this painful experience. She is even jilted by God. When she was about the die, said “God, give a sign!” But God does not give a sign and she is jilted twice. As a result she becomes a woman who is suspicious of everyone. For example when Cornelia and doctor were whispering together, Granny said Cornelia: “Go away and don’t whisper” These show her self-pity.
After this story is read, is should be understood that death is unpredictable thing, in other words it is not important weather you are ready to die or not. By means of this story, people perceive death and mortality.
THE FIVE FORTY EIGHT BY JOHN CHEEVER
SUMMARY
This short story portrays a struggle of good and evil. Blake has an affair with his secretary. After that night, he fires her. He loses his friends and marries wife only her beauty. He is selfish man because his friends and neighbours know his bad behaviour; they reject him as a friend. Although he has nobody around him, he sees himself perfectly. But everything changes after Miss Dent. She wants to revenge on him. They are in train and she wants to talk him. Although at first he does not want to accept her offer, they talk and he is really fear of her and behaviour. There is pistol in her hand and she threats him. At the end of the story, she wants him to put his face in the dirt and he puts. Then she goes away from him and he stands up and goes. Although he is proud man, she hurts his pride and revenges on him at the end of story.
POINT OF VIEW
It is narrated by third person narration because the narrator doesn’t participate in the story and “he, she said” are used.
SETTING
The place is train and the time is winter.
THEME
Theme is deception and redemption.
CHARACTERS
Blake: Blake is a businessman. He has an affair with his secretary. After their affair, she fires her.
Miss Dent: Miss Dent is a secretary and mentally ill. Because she is abandoned, she wants to take revenge on him.
This short story portrays a struggle of good and evil. Blake has an affair with his secretary. After that night, he fires her. He loses his friends and marries wife only her beauty. He is selfish man because his friends and neighbours know his bad behaviour; they reject him as a friend. Although he has nobody around him, he sees himself perfectly. But everything changes after Miss Dent. She wants to revenge on him. They are in train and she wants to talk him. Although at first he does not want to accept her offer, they talk and he is really fear of her and behaviour. There is pistol in her hand and she threats him. At the end of the story, she wants him to put his face in the dirt and he puts. Then she goes away from him and he stands up and goes. Although he is proud man, she hurts his pride and revenges on him at the end of story.
POINT OF VIEW
It is narrated by third person narration because the narrator doesn’t participate in the story and “he, she said” are used.
SETTING
The place is train and the time is winter.
THEME
Theme is deception and redemption.
CHARACTERS
Blake: Blake is a businessman. He has an affair with his secretary. After their affair, she fires her.
Miss Dent: Miss Dent is a secretary and mentally ill. Because she is abandoned, she wants to take revenge on him.
THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO BY EDGAR ALLEN POE
SUMMARY
The narrator, Montresor makes a vow that he takes his revenge on Fortunato. While revenging, he doesn’t want to take a risk. Fortunato is addicted to wine and Montresor says “I want you to taste Amontillado because I have my doubts”. Although they are in the carnival, they go to vaults. There are bones in that place. While they are walking Montresor shows him to trowel, but Fortunato doesn’t suspect anything. There is space where Montresor tells Fortunato that Amontillado is here. Because Fortunato is drunk, he goes there and Montresor starts to chain over him. Fortunato starts to scream and when the alcohol wears off, he moans. Just as Montresor is about to finish, Fortunato laughs because he thinks that Montresor is joking, but he is not. Briefly he buries him although Fortunato is alive.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is first person narration because “I” is used. Briefly, the narrator participates in the story.
SETTING
The place is the carnival and vault of Montresor, and the time is about dusk.
IRONIES
1) Aim of Montresor is to take Fortunato to his vault, but when he wants to go there Montresor says: “Your health is precious and you will be ill.” This is irony because Montresor’s thought is different from what he says.
2) Meaning of name of the character is “the fortunate one” in Italian but Fortunato has unfortunate fate because he is killed very cruelly and this is irony.
The narrator, Montresor makes a vow that he takes his revenge on Fortunato. While revenging, he doesn’t want to take a risk. Fortunato is addicted to wine and Montresor says “I want you to taste Amontillado because I have my doubts”. Although they are in the carnival, they go to vaults. There are bones in that place. While they are walking Montresor shows him to trowel, but Fortunato doesn’t suspect anything. There is space where Montresor tells Fortunato that Amontillado is here. Because Fortunato is drunk, he goes there and Montresor starts to chain over him. Fortunato starts to scream and when the alcohol wears off, he moans. Just as Montresor is about to finish, Fortunato laughs because he thinks that Montresor is joking, but he is not. Briefly he buries him although Fortunato is alive.
POINT OF VIEW
The point of view is first person narration because “I” is used. Briefly, the narrator participates in the story.
SETTING
The place is the carnival and vault of Montresor, and the time is about dusk.
IRONIES
1) Aim of Montresor is to take Fortunato to his vault, but when he wants to go there Montresor says: “Your health is precious and you will be ill.” This is irony because Montresor’s thought is different from what he says.
2) Meaning of name of the character is “the fortunate one” in Italian but Fortunato has unfortunate fate because he is killed very cruelly and this is irony.
HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANT BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY
SUMMARY
Jig and the man is called “The American” go from Barcelona to Madrid. She is pregnant. They drink beer and talk about “operation”. This operation refers to abortion. Although Jig doesn’t want to have an abortion, he insists on this issue. According to man, child is obstacle for them and after operation, everything goes smoothly. It’s clear from his sentences: “That’s the only thing that bothers us. It is the only thing that’s made us unhappy.” As for Jig, she can not decide what she will do. She looks out from window and sees hills like white elephant. He doesn’t interest in her comment. During their journey their conversation is abortion and end of the story what they will do is uncertain.
PLOT
The plot is conservation between two main characters. Their conversation is about abortion. This topic “abortion” is understood from that sentence “It’s to let the air in.” They don’t say clearly “abortion”, they choose to say “operation” instead of it. May be they don’t want to be heard their conversation. Maybe there are two reasons for this: They lack of sharing of feelings and reaction of society.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is narrated by third person narration because “he said” and “she said” are used and dialogues are not given perspective of the narrator.
THE SETTING
The place is a bar at a train station in Spain. The time is not given, but more probably it is summer.
CHARACTERS
Jig: She is young woman and pregnant. Because she is referred to as a “girl” in the story, we can say she is young. She is in conflict with herself because she cannot make a decision whether to have an abortion or not. She wants to be sure whether their lives change or not after operation.
The man: A man is called “The American”. He wants Jig not to give a birth. For him abortion is the best solution. This is clear due to his words “simple” and “easy”.
ANALYSIS
Unnamed Character: There are two main characters, one of them Jig and the other “a man” or “The American”. We don’t know their real names. This indicates that their story can happen to anyone.
Title: Title is a metaphor when the girl looks at mountains; she likens them to white elephant. A white elephant is a burden to its owner because it is very huge animals and not only is difficult to feed it, but bring it up also. Because of this there is relation between elephant and baby, both of them require responsibility. There is also one point that “white elephant” is an idiom and its meaning is useless or unwanted things. At the same time, hills resemble stomach of a pregnant woman because of similarity of their shape.
Train: Both characters travel by train not a car, bus or ship. Movement of train symbolizes dilemma of Jig. Train must go either forward or backward and Jig must decide whether she wants a baby or not.
The last decision: At the beginning of story, Jig starts to talk and the story finishes her sentence. It is understood from that the last decision for the abortion will belong to her.
Beer: Although Jig is pregnant, she drinks beer. She is the one that even said, “Let’s drink beer”. She says “Everything tastes of liquorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.” Absinthe is very strong alcoholic drink. As it is known alcohol is harmful for babies. Although she still hasn’t decided for operation. She poisons her baby. At the same time, this is irony.
The land description: The landscape is very important symbol in the story. When Jig looks at one side of the train station, she sees “the country was brown and dry” but when she looks on the other side, she sees “fields of grain and tress along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.” Both of landscapes are different from each other and they symbolize decision of Jig. The first one shows her feelings of after abortion and what society thinks about her if she gives a birth. The second shows that she wants to give a birth. Fertility and beauties of tree and cloud symbolize good things such as a having a baby.
Jig and the man is called “The American” go from Barcelona to Madrid. She is pregnant. They drink beer and talk about “operation”. This operation refers to abortion. Although Jig doesn’t want to have an abortion, he insists on this issue. According to man, child is obstacle for them and after operation, everything goes smoothly. It’s clear from his sentences: “That’s the only thing that bothers us. It is the only thing that’s made us unhappy.” As for Jig, she can not decide what she will do. She looks out from window and sees hills like white elephant. He doesn’t interest in her comment. During their journey their conversation is abortion and end of the story what they will do is uncertain.
PLOT
The plot is conservation between two main characters. Their conversation is about abortion. This topic “abortion” is understood from that sentence “It’s to let the air in.” They don’t say clearly “abortion”, they choose to say “operation” instead of it. May be they don’t want to be heard their conversation. Maybe there are two reasons for this: They lack of sharing of feelings and reaction of society.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is narrated by third person narration because “he said” and “she said” are used and dialogues are not given perspective of the narrator.
THE SETTING
The place is a bar at a train station in Spain. The time is not given, but more probably it is summer.
CHARACTERS
Jig: She is young woman and pregnant. Because she is referred to as a “girl” in the story, we can say she is young. She is in conflict with herself because she cannot make a decision whether to have an abortion or not. She wants to be sure whether their lives change or not after operation.
The man: A man is called “The American”. He wants Jig not to give a birth. For him abortion is the best solution. This is clear due to his words “simple” and “easy”.
ANALYSIS
Unnamed Character: There are two main characters, one of them Jig and the other “a man” or “The American”. We don’t know their real names. This indicates that their story can happen to anyone.
Title: Title is a metaphor when the girl looks at mountains; she likens them to white elephant. A white elephant is a burden to its owner because it is very huge animals and not only is difficult to feed it, but bring it up also. Because of this there is relation between elephant and baby, both of them require responsibility. There is also one point that “white elephant” is an idiom and its meaning is useless or unwanted things. At the same time, hills resemble stomach of a pregnant woman because of similarity of their shape.
Train: Both characters travel by train not a car, bus or ship. Movement of train symbolizes dilemma of Jig. Train must go either forward or backward and Jig must decide whether she wants a baby or not.
The last decision: At the beginning of story, Jig starts to talk and the story finishes her sentence. It is understood from that the last decision for the abortion will belong to her.
Beer: Although Jig is pregnant, she drinks beer. She is the one that even said, “Let’s drink beer”. She says “Everything tastes of liquorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.” Absinthe is very strong alcoholic drink. As it is known alcohol is harmful for babies. Although she still hasn’t decided for operation. She poisons her baby. At the same time, this is irony.
The land description: The landscape is very important symbol in the story. When Jig looks at one side of the train station, she sees “the country was brown and dry” but when she looks on the other side, she sees “fields of grain and tress along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.” Both of landscapes are different from each other and they symbolize decision of Jig. The first one shows her feelings of after abortion and what society thinks about her if she gives a birth. The second shows that she wants to give a birth. Fertility and beauties of tree and cloud symbolize good things such as a having a baby.
GIMPEL THE FOOL BY ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER
SUMMARY
People think that Gimpel is imbecile, but he isn’t. Everybody around him deceives him. Although he doesn’t believe them, he chooses to seem foolish person. Gimpel is orphan and he marries a woman who says she is also orphan, but this is not true. People say him “she is virgin pure” but this is also not true. She is pregnant when they marry and she cheats on him most of the time. Then she gives birth to even other children, none of whom are Gimpel’s. When she is on her deathbed she confesses everything and wants him to forgive her. Later when he is asleep evil comes and ask him a few questions. Gimpel’s answers are logical and related to God. According to him he shouldn’t deceive and lie to people because God sees everything. Briefly Gimpel chooses good way which reaches God.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is told from the viewpoint of first person narration because “I” is used all through the story.
THEME
The theme is “faith”. Although Gimpel is deceived most of the time by villagers and even his wife, he doesn’t give up believing God.
CHARACTERS
Gimpel is round character because we know his thoughts and feelings. Although everybody around him think that he is imbecile, he doesn’t think like them. As the story progresses we understand that he is clever man. When people cheat on him he doesn’t want to take revenge on them because God sees everything and bad behaviour is sin. Gimpel knows that he is not as stupid as the people think. In the end we understand that Gimpel is right.
Elka is his wife. She isn’t virgin pure and she deceives him a lot. Although she is his wife, her behaviour is not different from ordinary people.
IRONY
People think that Gimpel is not clever, but he is cleverer than them because he sees many things that other people can’t see.
People think that Gimpel is imbecile, but he isn’t. Everybody around him deceives him. Although he doesn’t believe them, he chooses to seem foolish person. Gimpel is orphan and he marries a woman who says she is also orphan, but this is not true. People say him “she is virgin pure” but this is also not true. She is pregnant when they marry and she cheats on him most of the time. Then she gives birth to even other children, none of whom are Gimpel’s. When she is on her deathbed she confesses everything and wants him to forgive her. Later when he is asleep evil comes and ask him a few questions. Gimpel’s answers are logical and related to God. According to him he shouldn’t deceive and lie to people because God sees everything. Briefly Gimpel chooses good way which reaches God.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is told from the viewpoint of first person narration because “I” is used all through the story.
THEME
The theme is “faith”. Although Gimpel is deceived most of the time by villagers and even his wife, he doesn’t give up believing God.
CHARACTERS
Gimpel is round character because we know his thoughts and feelings. Although everybody around him think that he is imbecile, he doesn’t think like them. As the story progresses we understand that he is clever man. When people cheat on him he doesn’t want to take revenge on them because God sees everything and bad behaviour is sin. Gimpel knows that he is not as stupid as the people think. In the end we understand that Gimpel is right.
Elka is his wife. She isn’t virgin pure and she deceives him a lot. Although she is his wife, her behaviour is not different from ordinary people.
IRONY
People think that Gimpel is not clever, but he is cleverer than them because he sees many things that other people can’t see.
A&P BY JOHN UPDIKE
SUMMARY
The story “A&P” is a short story about a young boy called Sammy. He is nineteen years old. He works at supermarket. He rings and bags customer’s groceries up. One day three girls come and they wear only bikini, they even don’t wear shoes. Sammy finds these girls attractive, but the manager, Lengster disapproves their dresses. Because their dresses are not appropriate to come shopping, he asks them to leave the store. Sammy thinks that his behaviour is embarrassing and he quits his job.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is narrated by first person narration because we learn everything from perspective of main character. At the same time, he directly says us his thoughts.
THE SETTING
The story is set in an A&P supermarket Time is about the year 1960.
CHARACTER
Sammy: He is a boy and not exactly individual. He is only nineteen and wants to prove himself. The girls give him an opportunity to express himself. He wants to rebel against his surroundings. He wants to reject society. He realizes that only he can change his life and quits job. At the same time he knows that life is not easy for him and he says “I felt how hard the world was going to be to me here after.” He comes from a middle-class family. We can understand from that when his parents have somebody over they get “lemonade.”
ANALYSIS
Sheep: Sammy wants to prove that he doesn’t think like everybody. In their town women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they get out of the car into street, but girls only dress “bikini”. Sammy knows that people disapprove their dress and Lengel says them to leave the store. In general people like his behaviour, but Sammy doesn’t and he quits his job to prove that he is not sheep. Briefly he wants to say us he thinks, he doesn’t live according to traditions or taboo.
Witch: Sammy is so attracted by girls that he can not remember if he rang crackers up or not and he rings them up again. When his customer realizes this she talks him loudly. Because treatment is not understanding and nice, he says her “witch”.
Bikini: Three girls wear bikini although they go to market. Maybe they want to say “We are free girl and we don’t think like you, our viewpoints are different from yours and we don’t wear like common women.
Quits his job: He quits his job because he likes girls and he wants to show them he stands up for them and he does what he believes. At the same time he thinks himself “Unsuspected hero” because he wants to attract them to his courage.
There is the most important reason to quit his job. He understands that his life goes on routinely. He will spend his entire life at the store if he does not soon quit his job. He realizes that he will not be promoted. Maybe he will be only manager like Stokesie. When we think his age there are many things he can do. Briefly he does not want to spend his life working at store.
The story “A&P” is a short story about a young boy called Sammy. He is nineteen years old. He works at supermarket. He rings and bags customer’s groceries up. One day three girls come and they wear only bikini, they even don’t wear shoes. Sammy finds these girls attractive, but the manager, Lengster disapproves their dresses. Because their dresses are not appropriate to come shopping, he asks them to leave the store. Sammy thinks that his behaviour is embarrassing and he quits his job.
POINT OF VIEW
The story is narrated by first person narration because we learn everything from perspective of main character. At the same time, he directly says us his thoughts.
THE SETTING
The story is set in an A&P supermarket Time is about the year 1960.
CHARACTER
Sammy: He is a boy and not exactly individual. He is only nineteen and wants to prove himself. The girls give him an opportunity to express himself. He wants to rebel against his surroundings. He wants to reject society. He realizes that only he can change his life and quits job. At the same time he knows that life is not easy for him and he says “I felt how hard the world was going to be to me here after.” He comes from a middle-class family. We can understand from that when his parents have somebody over they get “lemonade.”
ANALYSIS
Sheep: Sammy wants to prove that he doesn’t think like everybody. In their town women generally put on a shirt or shorts or something before they get out of the car into street, but girls only dress “bikini”. Sammy knows that people disapprove their dress and Lengel says them to leave the store. In general people like his behaviour, but Sammy doesn’t and he quits his job to prove that he is not sheep. Briefly he wants to say us he thinks, he doesn’t live according to traditions or taboo.
Witch: Sammy is so attracted by girls that he can not remember if he rang crackers up or not and he rings them up again. When his customer realizes this she talks him loudly. Because treatment is not understanding and nice, he says her “witch”.
Bikini: Three girls wear bikini although they go to market. Maybe they want to say “We are free girl and we don’t think like you, our viewpoints are different from yours and we don’t wear like common women.
Quits his job: He quits his job because he likes girls and he wants to show them he stands up for them and he does what he believes. At the same time he thinks himself “Unsuspected hero” because he wants to attract them to his courage.
There is the most important reason to quit his job. He understands that his life goes on routinely. He will spend his entire life at the store if he does not soon quit his job. He realizes that he will not be promoted. Maybe he will be only manager like Stokesie. When we think his age there are many things he can do. Briefly he does not want to spend his life working at store.
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